{"id":2070,"date":"2024-01-08T11:30:13","date_gmt":"2024-01-08T11:30:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//quality/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater-and-health/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//fluoride-in-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//"},"modified":"2026-03-20T16:20:24","modified_gmt":"2026-03-20T16:20:24","slug":"fluoride-in-groundwater","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//quality/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater-and-health/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//fluoride-in-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//","title":{"rendered":"Fluoride in groundwater"},"content":{"rendered":"/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<section class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"hero-section hero-section-with-social/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"hero-info-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"container/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"row/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"col-12/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"hero-info/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<h1>Fluoride in groundwater</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//h1>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"sea-background-f/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<span>Share this article</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//span><a target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"  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class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"hidden/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">WhatsApp</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//a><a   href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"mailto:?subject=Fluoride%20in%20groundwater&#038;body=High%20concentrations%20of%20fluoride%20in%20groundwater%20affect%20more%20than%20200%20million%20people%20worldwide.%20(https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//quality/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater-and-health/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//fluoride-in-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//)/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"icon-mail/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><span 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class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"hidden/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">Copy Link</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//a></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//section>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<section class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"container/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"row/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"col-12/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p>High-fluoride groundwaters are a recognised feature of a number of aquifers across the world. Groundwater is an important source of drinking water and it is estimated that more than 200&nbsp;million people worldwide are drinking groundwater with fluoride concentrations greater than the WHO guideline value of 1.5&nbsp;mg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//L. The majority of these cases occur in the developing world.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<figure  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"img-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//08/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//Fluorite_8.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"lazy-blur/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"Cubic crystals of green fluorite./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" data-src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//08/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//Fluorite_8.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//><figcaption class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"caption sm-line/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"caption-icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//themes/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//bgs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//img/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//info-caption.svg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"Information icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"caption-text/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><p>Fluorite (calcium fluoride, CaF<sub>2</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//sub>) from County Durham, England. /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/u00a9 G/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/u00e9ry PARENT</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//figcaption></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//figure>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p>Groundwaters are much more vulnerable to fluoride enrichment than surface waters because of the greater impacts of water/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//rock reactions in aquifers. We have worked on fluoride occurrence in a number of aquifers in the UK and overseas, and with a number of research partners.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<h2 class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"wp-block-heading/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">Fluoride and health</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p>The optimum concentrations of fluoride in drinking water lie within a relatively narrow range. Fluoride has long been found to have a beneficial effect on dental health, although when present in drinking water at concentrations much above the WHO guideline value (and national drinking water limit for most countries) of 1.5&nbsp;mg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//L, long term use can result in development of dental&nbsp;fluorosis&nbsp;or at its worst, crippling skeletal&nbsp;<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.who.int/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//publications/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//i/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//item/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//WHO-CED-PHE-EPE-19.4.5/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"noreferrer noopener/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">fluorosis</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//a>.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p>The effects on health depend on a number of factors including dose from other sources of fluoride (toothpastes, food), age, gender and general health status.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<h2 class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"wp-block-heading/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">High-fluoride groundwater provinces</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"owl-carousel carousel-primary-color carousel owl-theme thumbs-carousel-js/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"item/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><figure  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"img-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//2024/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//01/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//fluoride-worldmap-bigger.webp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" data-toggle=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"lightbox/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" data-footer=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"&lt;p&gt;Map of documented occurrences of high-fluoride groundwater (more than 1.5 mg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//L). BGS /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/u00a9 UKRI.&lt;/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p&gt;/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" data-gallery=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"gallery_93182/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//2024/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//01/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//fluoride-worldmap-bigger-300x201.webp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"attachment-medium size-medium/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"Map of documented occurrences of high-fluoride groundwater (&gt;1.5 mg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//L). BGS /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/u00a9 UKRI/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//a><figcaption class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"caption /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"caption-icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//themes/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//bgs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//img/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//info-caption.svg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"Information icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"caption-text/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><p>Map of documented occurrences of high-fluoride groundwater (more than 1.5 mg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//L). BGS /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/u00a9 UKRI.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"expand-box expand-box-top/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//2024/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//01/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//fluoride-worldmap-bigger.webp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" ><img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//themes/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//bgs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//img/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//expand.svg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"Expand icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//a></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//figcaption></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//figure></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p>High-fluoride groundwaters tend to be found in association with:</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<ul class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"wp-block-list/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<li>crystalline rocks containing fluorine-rich minerals, especially granites and volcanic rocks</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<li>shallow aquifers in arid areas experiencing strong evaporation</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<li>sedimentary aquifers undergoing ion exchange</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<li>inputs of geothermal water</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//ul>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<h2 class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"wp-block-heading/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">The East African Rift Valley</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p>The East African Rift Valley constitutes one of the most significant high-fluoride provinces in the world.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<figure  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"img-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//08/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//P577850.webp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" data-toggle=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"lightbox/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" data-footer=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"&lt;p&gt;Trachytic pumice cones on the upper north-eastern flanks of Paka volcano in the Great Rift Valley of Kenya. BGS /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/u00a9 UKRI.&lt;/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p&gt;/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" data-gallery=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"gallery_83577/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//08/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//P577850.webp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"lazy-blur/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"A series of brown volcanic cones stretches into the distance/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" data-src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//08/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//P577850.webp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//a><figcaption class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"caption /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"caption-icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//themes/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//bgs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//img/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//info-caption.svg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"Information icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"caption-text/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><p>Trachytic pumice cones on the upper north-eastern flanks of Paka volcano in the Great Rift Valley of Kenya. BGS /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/u00a9 UKRI.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"expand-box expand-box-top/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//08/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//P577850.webp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" ><img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//themes/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//bgs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//img/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//expand.svg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"Expand icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//a></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//figcaption></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//figure>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p>High-fluoride groundwaters, derived from combinations of reaction with young volcanic rocks, geothermal inputs and evaporation, occur alongside alkaline lakes (pH over 8) with, in some cases, concentrations of dissolved fluoride up to 300&nbsp;mg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//L.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p>The association of high-fluoride groundwaters with granites and acidic volcanic rocks occurs because of the relative abundance in these rocks of high-fluoride minerals such as biotite, amphibole, apatite and fluorite.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p>Groundwaters are also typically sodium bicarbonate waters with low concentrations of calcium, conditions under which the solubility of fluorite (CaF<sub>2</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//sub>), and hence also dissolved fluoride concentrations, is increased.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<h2 class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"wp-block-heading/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">Mitigating fluoride problems</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<figure  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"img-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//08/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//P1071046.webp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" data-toggle=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"lightbox/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" data-footer=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"&lt;p&gt;High-fluorine minerals such as amphibole, biotite, sphene and apatite (pictured) contribute fluoride to percolating groundwater. BGS /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/u00a9 UKRI.&lt;/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p&gt;/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" data-gallery=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"gallery_24224/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//08/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//P1071046.webp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"lazy-blur/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"a green crystal of apatite/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" data-src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//08/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//P1071046.webp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//a><figcaption class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"caption /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"caption-icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//themes/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//bgs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//img/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//info-caption.svg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"Information icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"caption-text/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><p>High-fluorine minerals such as amphibole, biotite, sphene and apatite (pictured) contribute fluoride to percolating groundwater. BGS /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/u00a9 UKRI.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"expand-box expand-box-top/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//08/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//P1071046.webp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" ><img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//themes/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//bgs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//img/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//expand.svg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"Expand icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//a></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//figcaption></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//figure>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p>Resolving the fluoride problem in drinking water in developing countries remains a significant challenge.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p>Fluoride problems tend to occur in arid regions where resources are in any case limited and often of marginal quality (saline). Water treatment, using coagulation or adsorption/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//ion-exchange techniques, is technically feasible and has often been tried, although has typically met with limited success in developing countries.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p>Rates of success depend on: </groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<ul class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"wp-block-list/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<li>efficacy of method</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<li>user acceptance</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<li>ease of maintenance</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<li>effectiveness of monitoring</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<li>degree of community participation and availability</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<li>cost of raw materials</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//ul>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<h2 class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"wp-block-heading/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">Further reading</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<div  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"accordions/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"acc-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<button class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"button-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" tabindex=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"-1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">References</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//button>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"acc-body sea-background-e/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<p><!-- wp:paragraph --></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p>Edmunds, W M, and Smedley, P L. 2013. <a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//10.1007/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//978-94-007-4375-5_13/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"noopener/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">Chapter 12: Fluoride in natural waters</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//a>. 311/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/u2013336 in <em>Essentials of Medical Geology</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//em>, Second Edition. Selinus, O, Alloway, B, Centeno, J A, Finkelman, R B, Fuge, R, Lindh, U and Smedley, P L (editors). Springer.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p>Nordstrom, D K, and Smedley, P L. 2022./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/u00a0<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//10.21083/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//978-1-77470-019-8/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"noreferrer noopener/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">Fluoride in groundwater</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//a>. (Ontario, Canada: The Groundwater Project/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//University of Guelph.) ISBN: 978-1-77470-019-8. DOI: https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//10.21083/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//978-1-77470-019-8</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p><!-- /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p>Reddy, D V, Nagabhushanam, P, Sukhija, B S, Reddy, A G S, and Smedley, P L. 2010. <a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//10.1016/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//j.chemgeo.2009.10.003/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"noreferrer noopener/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">Fluoride dynamics in the granitic aquifer of the Wailapally watershed, Nalgonda District, India</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//a>. <em>Chemical Geology</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//em>, Vol. 269, 278/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/u2013289. DOI: https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//10.1016/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//j.chemgeo.2009.10.003</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p><!-- /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<p>Smedley, P L, Nicolli, H B, Macdonald, D M J, Barros, A J, and Tullio, J O./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/u00a0/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/u00a02002./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/u00a0 <a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//10.1016/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//S0883-2927%2801%2900082-8/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"noreferrer noopener/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">Hydrogeochemistry of arsenic and other inorganic constituents in groundwaters from La Pampa, Argentina</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//a>. <em>Applied Geochemistry</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//em>, Vol. 17, 259/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/u2013284. DOI: https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//doi.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//10.1016/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//S0883-2927%2801%2900082-8</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//section>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<section class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"cta-section  sea-background-e /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"container/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"row md-row/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"col-12/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<h2>Need more information?</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"btn-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"><a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//people/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//lapworth-daniel/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"button primary-background   /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/">contact Dan Lapworth</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//a></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//section>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>High concentrations of fluoride in groundwater affect more than 200 million people worldwide.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":3925,"parent":58,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"1","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2070","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//yoast.com/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//product/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//yoast-seo-wordpress/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070// -->/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<title>Fluoride in groundwater - BGS Groundwater</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//title>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<meta name=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"robots/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<link rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"canonical/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//quality/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//groundwater-and-health/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//fluoride-in-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"og:locale/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"en_GB/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"og:type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"article/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"og:title/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"Fluoride in groundwater - BGS Groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"og:description/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"High concentrations of fluoride in groundwater affect more than 200 million people worldwide./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/"og:url/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2070/" 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