{"id":3320,"date":"2025-03-24T13:25:20","date_gmt":"2025-03-24T13:25:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//quality/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//"},"modified":"2026-05-06T14:03:42","modified_gmt":"2026-05-06T13:03:42","slug":"3d-groundwater-vulnerability","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//","title":{"rendered":"3D groundwater vulnerability"},"content":{"rendered":"/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<section class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"hero-section hero-section-with-social/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"hero-info-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"container/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"row/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"col-12/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"hero-info/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<h1>3D groundwater vulnerability</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//h1>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"sea-background-f/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<span>Share this article</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span><a target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"  href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.facebook.com/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sharer/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sharer.php?u=https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"icon-facebook/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"hidden/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Facebook</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//a><a target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"  href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//twitter.com/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//intent/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//tweet?text=3D%20groundwater%20vulnerability&#038;url=https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"icon-twitter/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"hidden/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Twitter</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//a><a   onclick=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//assets.pinterest.com/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//js/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"  href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"javascript:void(0);/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"icon-pinterest/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"hidden/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Pinterest</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//a><a target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"  href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wa.me?text=https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"icon-whatsapp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"hidden/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">WhatsApp</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//a><a   href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"mailto:?subject=3D%20groundwater%20vulnerability&#038;body=Assessing%20the%20vulnerability%20of%20groundwater%20to%20onshore%20oil%20and%20gas%20extraction.%20(https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//)/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"icon-mail/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"hidden/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Email</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//a><a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"#/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" data-copy=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"copy-url-on-click/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"icon-link/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"hidden/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Copy Link</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//a></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//section>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<section class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"container/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"row/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"col-12/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<p class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"wp-block-paragraph/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">BGS and the&nbsp;<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.gov.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//government/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//organisations/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//environment-agency/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"noreferrer noopener/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Environment Agency</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//a> (EA) developed a method of assessing the vulnerability of groundwater from onshore oil and gas extraction activities in England. This tool improved our understanding of the risk to groundwater.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<p class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"wp-block-paragraph/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">The UK oil and gas industry is one of the most regulated in the world, so risks to groundwater are already covered in UK law. This new vulnerability assessment helped to ensure that the UK continues to put safety first when investigating new energy sources.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<figure  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"img-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//03/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//Figure_1A.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"lazy-blur/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"3D groundwater vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" data-src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//03/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//Figure_1A.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//><figcaption class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"caption /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"caption-icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//themes/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//bgs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//img/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//info-caption.svg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"Information icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"caption-text/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><p>Potential risk of groundwater being contaminated from leaks from oil and gas wells, through old infrastructure (mines and boreholes) and by transport through the rock mass from the source of the oil and gas. Schematic diagram, not to scale. BGS /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/u00a9 UKRI.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//figcaption></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//figure>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<h2 class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"wp-block-heading/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Research and development</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<p class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"wp-block-paragraph/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">BGS conducted a study to develop an accessible and nationally consistent method for assessing the vulnerability of groundwater to potential contamination from any possible future activities deeper in the subsurface. The method is based on well-established approaches already employed by the EA as part of the environmental regulation and permitting process. </groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<p class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"wp-block-paragraph/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">The method uses BGS&#8217;s 3D geological model of England to show the locations of aquifers and rocks that could contain oil and gas. This allows identification of the key parts of the underground water system that might be affected by future hydrocarbon extraction. A tool developed to guide the assessment considers the following elements:</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<ul class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"wp-block-list/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<li>classification of the groundwater: is it an aquifer? How is it used?</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<li>hydrocarbon extraction types: is there hydraulic fracturing?</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<li>groundwater flow direction: is it towards or away from the hydrocarbon source?</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<li>groundwater vulnerability: are there any underground sources of pollution derived from underground oil and gas activities? </groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//ul>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<p class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"wp-block-paragraph/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">The last includes factors such as: </groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<ul class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"wp-block-list/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<li>the distance between the potential hydrocarbon source and the aquifer</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<li>the thickness of low-permeability rocks </groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<li>potential pathways for pollution such as geological faults, boreholes and mines</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//ul>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<p class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"wp-block-paragraph/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Based on these considerations, an overall risk group can be identified, as can the degree of certainty in this grouping.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<h2 class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"wp-block-heading/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Case studies and trials</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<p class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"wp-block-paragraph/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">The method was trialled on five case study sites across England addressing different extraction activities: </groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<ul class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"wp-block-list/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<li>conventional oil and gas in south-east England</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<li>coal-bed methane in the East and West Midlands</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<li>shale gas in north-west England</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<li>shale gas and conventional oil and gas in north-east England</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//ul>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<figure  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"img-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//DSC00569.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" data-toggle=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"lightbox/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" data-footer=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"&lt;p&gt;A former shale-gas exploration site in Lancashire. former shale-gas exploration site in Lancashire. BGS /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/u00a9 UKRI.&lt;/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//p&gt;/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" data-gallery=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"gallery_78148/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//DSC00569.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"lazy-blur/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"Various drilling equipment silhouetted on the horizon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" data-src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//DSC00569.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//a><figcaption class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"caption /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"caption-icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//themes/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//bgs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//img/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//info-caption.svg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"Information icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"caption-text/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><p>A former shale-gas exploration site in Lancashire. former shale-gas exploration site in Lancashire. BGS /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/u00a9 UKRI.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"expand-box expand-box-top/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//DSC00569.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" ><img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//themes/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//bgs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//img/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//expand.svg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"Expand icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//a></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//figcaption></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//figure>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<p class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"wp-block-paragraph/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Most aquifers were rated as being at low risk from contamination. There were occasional instances of medium to low risk ratings for important aquifers with a smaller separation from the oil and gas sources. Medium and high risk groups occurred rarely, where important aquifers overlie shale gas and coal-bed methane activities. There were no potential receptors in the high risk group in the case studies.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<h2 class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"wp-block-heading/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Further reading</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<div  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"accordions/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"acc-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<button class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"button-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" tabindex=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"-1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">References</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//button>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"acc-body sea-background-e/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<p><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"person nerc_int_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"person_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Loveless, S.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span>;/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/u00a0<span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"person nerc_int_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"person_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Lewis, M.A.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span>;/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/u00a0<span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"person orcid-person nerc_int_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"person_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Bloomfield, J.P.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span>;/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/u00a0<span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"person nerc_int_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"person_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Terrington, R.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span>;/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/u00a0<span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"person nerc_int_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"person_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Stuart, M.E.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span>;/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/u00a0<span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"person nerc_int_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"person_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Ward, R.S.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//span>. 2018/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/u00a0<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//nora.nerc.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//id/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//eprint/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//520550/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">3D Groundwater Vulnerability.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//a>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/u00a0 (OR/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//18/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//012) (Unpublished) /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/u00a0(Nottingham, UK: British Geological Survey.)</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//section>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<section class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"cta-section  sea-background-e /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"container/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"row md-row/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"col-12/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<h2>Need more information?</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"btn-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"><a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"mailto:enquiries@bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"button primary-background   /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">Contact BGS Enquiries</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//a></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//section>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<p class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"wp-block-paragraph/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Assessing the vulnerability of groundwater to onshore oil and gas extraction.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3324,"parent":62,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"1","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3320","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//yoast.com/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//product/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//yoast-seo-wordpress/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320// -->/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<title>3D groundwater vulnerability - BGS Groundwater</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//title>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<meta name=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"robots/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<link rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"canonical/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"og:locale/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"en_GB/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"og:type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"article/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"og:title/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"3D groundwater vulnerability - BGS Groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"og:description/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"Assessing the vulnerability of groundwater to onshore oil and gas extraction./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"og:url/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"og:site_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"BGS Groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"article:modified_time/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"2026-05-06T13:03:42+00:00/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"og:image/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//03/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//Figure_1A.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"og:image:width/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"850/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"og:image:height/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"598/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"og:image:type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"image/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//jpeg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<meta name=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"twitter:card/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"summary_large_image/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<meta name=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"twitter:label1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"Estimated reading time/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/t<meta name=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"twitter:data1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"2 minutes/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<script type=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"application/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//ld+json/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"yoast-schema-graph/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/">{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@context/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//schema.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@graph/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":[{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"WebPage/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@id/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"url/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"3D groundwater vulnerability - BGS Groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"isPartOf/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@id/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#website/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"},/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"primaryImageOfPage/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@id/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#primaryimage/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"},/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"image/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@id/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#primaryimage/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"},/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"thumbnailUrl/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//03/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//Figure_1A.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"datePublished/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"2025-03-24T13:25:20+00:00/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"dateModified/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"2026-05-06T13:03:42+00:00/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"breadcrumb/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@id/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#breadcrumb/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"},/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"inLanguage/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"en-GB/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"potentialAction/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":[{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"ReadAction/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"target/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":[/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"]}]},{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"ImageObject/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"inLanguage/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"en-GB/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@id/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#primaryimage/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"url/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//03/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//Figure_1A.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"contentUrl/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//03/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//Figure_1A.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"width/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":850,/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"height/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":598,/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"caption/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"It is important that groundwater remains protected; there is a potential risk of groundwater being contaminated from leaks from oil and gas wells, through old infrastructure (mines and boreholes) and by transport through the rock mass from the source of the oil and gas. Schematic diagram, not to scale. BGS /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/u00a9 UKRI./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"},{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"BreadcrumbList/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@id/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#breadcrumb/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"itemListElement/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":[{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"ListItem/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"position/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":1,/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"Home/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"item/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"},{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"ListItem/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"position/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":2,/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"Energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"item/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"},{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"ListItem/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"position/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":3,/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"Shale gas/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"item/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"},{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"ListItem/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"position/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":4,/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"3D groundwater vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"}]},{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"WebSite/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@id/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#website/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"url/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"BGS Groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"description/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"publisher/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@id/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#organization/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"},/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"potentialAction/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":[{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"SearchAction/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"target/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"EntryPoint/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"urlTemplate/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//?s={search_term_string}/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"},/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"query-input/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"PropertyValueSpecification/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"valueRequired/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":true,/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"valueName/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"search_term_string/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"}}],/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"inLanguage/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"en-GB/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"},{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"Organization/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@id/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#organization/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"BGS Groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"url/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"logo/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"ImageObject/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"inLanguage/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"en-GB/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@id/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//schema/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//logo/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//image/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"url/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2026/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//05/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//BGS_Groundwater_pos-object-text-clip.svg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"contentUrl/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2026/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//05/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//BGS_Groundwater_pos-object-text-clip.svg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/",/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"width/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":472,/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"height/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":98,/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"caption/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"BGS Groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"},/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"image/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":{/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"@id/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/":/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//schema/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//logo/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//image/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/"}}]}</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//script>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/n<!-- /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320// Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"3D groundwater vulnerability - BGS Groundwater","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"3D groundwater vulnerability - BGS Groundwater","og_description":"Assessing the vulnerability of groundwater to onshore oil and gas extraction.","og_url":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//","og_site_name":"BGS Groundwater","article_modified_time":"2026-05-06T13:03:42+00:00","og_image":[{"width":850,"height":598,"url":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//03/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//Figure_1A.jpg","type":"image/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Estimated reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//","url":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//","name":"3D groundwater vulnerability - BGS Groundwater","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//03/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//Figure_1A.jpg","datePublished":"2025-03-24T13:25:20+00:00","dateModified":"2026-05-06T13:03:42+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#primaryimage","url":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//03/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//Figure_1A.jpg","contentUrl":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2025/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//03/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//Figure_1A.jpg","width":850,"height":598,"caption":"It is important that groundwater remains protected; there is a potential risk of groundwater being contaminated from leaks from oil and gas wells, through old infrastructure (mines and boreholes) and by transport through the rock mass from the source of the oil and gas. Schematic diagram, not to scale. BGS /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320/u00a9 UKRI."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3d-groundwater-vulnerability/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Energy","item":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Shale gas","item":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//energy/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//shale-gas-and-groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"3D groundwater vulnerability"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#website","url":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//","name":"BGS Groundwater","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#organization","name":"BGS Groundwater","url":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//schema/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//logo/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//image/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//","url":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2026/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//05/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//BGS_Groundwater_pos-object-text-clip.svg","contentUrl":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//2026/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//05/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//BGS_Groundwater_pos-object-text-clip.svg","width":472,"height":98,"caption":"BGS Groundwater"},"image":{"@id":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//#/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//schema/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//logo/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//image/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-json/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//v2/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//pages/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3320","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-json/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//v2/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-json/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//v2/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//types/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-json/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//v2/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//users/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-json/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//v2/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//comments?post=3320"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-json/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//v2/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//pages/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3320/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8215,"href":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-json/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//v2/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//pages/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3320/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//revisions/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//8215"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-json/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//v2/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//pages/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//62"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-json/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//v2/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//media/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//3324"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-json/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//v2/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//media?parent=3320"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp-json/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//wp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//v2/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//tags?post=3320"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//api.w.org/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3320//{rel}","templated":true}]}}