{"id":8292,"date":"2026-05-05T11:41:53","date_gmt":"2026-05-05T10:41:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//quality/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater-protection/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//"},"modified":"2026-05-05T12:12:48","modified_gmt":"2026-05-05T11:12:48","slug":"groundwater-protection","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//quality/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater-protection/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//","title":{"rendered":"Groundwater protection"},"content":{"rendered":"/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<section class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"hero-section hero-section-with-social/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"hero-info-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"container/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"row/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"col-12/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"hero-info/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<h1>Groundwater protection</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//h1>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"sea-background-f/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<span>Share this article</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span><a target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"  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class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"hidden/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">Twitter</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//a><a   onclick=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//assets.pinterest.com/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//js/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"  href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"javascript:void(0);/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"icon-pinterest/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"hidden/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">Pinterest</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//a><a target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"  href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//wa.me?text=https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//quality/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater-protection/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"icon-whatsapp/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"hidden/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">WhatsApp</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//a><a   href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"mailto:?subject=Groundwater%20protection&#038;body=Groundwater%20is%20vulnerable%20to%20contamination%20from%20a%20wide%20range%20of%20human%20activities%20including%20agriculture,%20urbanisation,%20waste%20disposal,%20past%20and%20present%20industry%20and%20from%20pollution%20incidents.%20%20(https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//quality/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater-protection/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//)/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"icon-mail/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"hidden/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">Email</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//a><a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"#/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" data-copy=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//quality/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater-protection/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"copy-url-on-click/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"icon-link/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"hidden/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">Copy Link</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//a></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//section>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<section class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"container/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"row/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"col-12/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<p>Groundwater is vulnerable to contamination from a wide range of human activities. The vulnerability of an aquifer depends on the characteristics of the aquifer itself as well as those of overlying rocks and soils; the thickness of the unsaturated zone, and the properties of any pollutant(s). Activities that have the potential to contaminate groundwater include:</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<ul class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"wp-block-list/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<li>agriculture</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<li>past and present industry</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<li>pollution incidents</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<li>urbanisation</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<li>waste disposal</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//ul>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<figure  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"img-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//2026/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//05/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//P949437.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"lazy-blur/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"Mine water discharge, Nantyffyllon, South Wales. Industrial activity in both the past and the present may cause pollution of groundwater. /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/u00a9 BGS/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//UKRI./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" data-src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//2026/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//05/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//P949437.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//><figcaption class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"caption /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"caption-icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//themes/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//bgs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//img/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//info-caption.svg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"Information icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"caption-text/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><p>Mine water discharge, Nantyffyllon, South Wales. Industrial activity in both the past and the present may cause pollution of groundwater. /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/u00a9 BGS/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//UKRI.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//figcaption></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//figure>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<p></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<p>For potentially polluting activities that take place below an aquifer, such as oil and gas production, additional factors need to be considered, including:</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<ul class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"wp-block-list/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<li>the vertical separation between the activity and the base of the aquifer</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<li>the properties of the intervening rock mass</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<li>the presence of other potential pathways for pollutant migration, e.g. faults, boreholes and mine workings</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<li>groundwater flow direction</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//ul>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<p>We work in partnership with the UK and international governments, their environmental regulators and agencies to support the development of models and tools for assessing groundwater vulnerability and the implementation of effective groundwater protection strategies.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<h2 class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"wp-block-heading/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><strong>Groundwater vulnerability mapping</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//strong></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<p>Our scientists have contributed to groundwater vulnerability mapping across the UK. Using our detailed understanding of aquifer properties and contaminant transport processes, we have contributed essential elements to the maps and tools used by regulators and industry to protect groundwater from pollution.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<figure  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"img-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//2026/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//05/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//Groundwater_vulnerability_BGSReport_OR11064.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"lazy-blur/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"Groundwater vulnerability in Scotland (from /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/u00d3 Dochartaigh et al., 2011). /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/u00a9 BGS./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" data-src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//2026/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//05/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//Groundwater_vulnerability_BGSReport_OR11064.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//><figcaption class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"caption /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"caption-icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//themes/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//bgs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//img/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//info-caption.svg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"Information icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"caption-text/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><p>Groundwater vulnerability in Scotland (from /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/u00d3/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/u00a0<span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"person nerc_int_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"person_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">Dochartaigh et al., 2011)</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span>. /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/u00a9 BGS.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//figcaption></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//figure>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<h2 class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"wp-block-heading/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">3D groundwater vulnerability</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//h2>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<p>Ensuring long-term protection of groundwater requires consideration of new and emerging risks to groundwater. As a result of the growing interest in using the deep (&gt;500&nbsp;m) subsurface for energy production and storage, and waste disposal, we have worked with the Environment Agency to develop, for the first time, a new&nbsp;<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//datasets/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater-vulnerability-data/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">vulnerability and risk screening tool</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//a>&nbsp;that can be applied to a wide range of deep industrial activities, including:</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<ul class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"wp-block-list/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<li>geothermal energy production</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<li>hydrocarbon extraction</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<li>hydrogen and natural gas storage</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<li>waste disposal (radioactive waste; carbon dioxide)</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//li>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//ul>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<figure  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"img-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//2026/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//05/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//Potential_pollutant_pathways_EU_H2O20_VoGERA-1.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"lazy-blur/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"Potential_pollutant_pathways_EU_H2O20_VoGERA-1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" data-src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//uploads/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//sites/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//4/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//2026/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//05/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//Potential_pollutant_pathways_EU_H2O20_VoGERA-1.jpg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//><figcaption class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"caption /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"caption-icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<img decoding=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"async/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" src=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//wp-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//themes/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//bgs/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//img/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//info-caption.svg/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" alt=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"Information icon/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"caption-text/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><p>Potential pollutant pathways associated with geothermal energy production (from/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/u00a0<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//geoera.eu/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//projects/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//vogera1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" target=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"_blank/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"noopener/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">EU H2020 VoGERA project</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//a>).</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//figcaption></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//figure>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<div  class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"accordions/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"acc-wrap/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<button class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"button-content/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" tabindex=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"-1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">Reference</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//button>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<div class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"acc-body sea-background-e/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t<p><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"person nerc_int_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"person_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/u00d3 Dochartaigh, B E,</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/u00a0<span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"person/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"person_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">Doce, D D,</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/u00a0<span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"person nerc_int_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"person_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">Rutter, H K, and</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/u00a0<span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"person nerc_int_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><span class=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"person_name/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/">MacDonald, A M.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//span>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/u00a02011./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/u00a0<a href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"http:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//nora.nerc.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//id/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//eprint/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//17084/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"><em>User guide: Groundwater Vulnerability (Scotland) GIS dataset. Version 2.</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//em></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//a>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/u00a0<em>British Geological Survey Open Report</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//em>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/u00a0OR/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//11/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//064. (Nottingham, UK: British Geological Survey.)</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/t</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//div></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//section>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<p></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<p></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<p></groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Groundwater is vulnerable to contamination from a wide range of human activities including agriculture, urbanisation, waste disposal, past and present industry and from pollution incidents. </groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//p>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8314,"parent":55,"menu_order":7,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"1","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8292","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//yoast.com/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//product/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//yoast-seo-wordpress/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292// -->/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<title>Groundwater protection - BGS Groundwater</groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//title>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<meta name=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"robots/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<link rel=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"canonical/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" href=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"https:/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//www.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//quality/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//groundwater-protection/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292///groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"og:locale/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"en_GB/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"og:type/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"article/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"og:title/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"Groundwater protection - BGS Groundwater/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"og:description/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" content=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"Groundwater is vulnerable to contamination from a wide range of human activities including agriculture, urbanisation, waste disposal, past and present industry and from pollution incidents./groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" /groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292//>/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/n<meta property=/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/"og:url/groundwater/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8292/" 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